PAKISTAN-US RELATIONS: STRATEGIC POLICY OPTIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY OF PAKISTAN

Dr. G. M. Chaudhry

Policy, Governance and National Security Analyst

Parliamentary Council and Legislative Draftsman

ISLAMABAD

E-mail: drgmchaudhryg@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

After the two World War alliances and alignments, Pakistan-United States alliance played the most important role in shaping geography and the Asian politics. It was meant for containment of expansion of communism but ultimately culminated into destruction of communism as an economic and political doctrine with disintegration of political centre and origin of communism i.e. the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). It is an effort to overview the role and importance of Pakistan-US relations in the South Asian Region in their broader Asian perspective with assessment of implications on national security of Pakistan. It is also important to study Pakistan-US bilateral relations as these relations remained like a ride on a roller coaster suffering from rise and fall. Trust and mistrust as well as perceptions and misperceptions always lied in the foundations of these relations although still going on as these relations were never based on ideological similarity but due to geostrategic expediency and convenience and Pakistan is still blessed with same geostrategic location. Therefore, for any effective role of the USA in the Asia, relations with Pakistan will remain a necessity.

Key words:    Pakistan, United States of America (USA), national security, relations, national interest, geostrategic, foreign policy, South Asian Region (SAR).

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Introduction:

Pakistan came into existence on the August 14, 1947, in the heart of Asia with a blessed geostrategic position in the Asian map.Pakistan is located in the western part of South Asia between 61° and 75° 31′ longitudes in the east and 23° 30′ and 36° 45′ latitude in the North which is a temperate zone with a maximum length of 1600 kilometers (900 miles) and width of 885 kilometers (750 miles). This is the land whereat pre-historic and historic Indus Valley Civilization was born, grown and thereafter is buried giving rise to present civilization and culture under the influence of Islamic religion through Muslim sufis (saints) and religious scholars. There is 796,096 square kilometers (about 310,403 miles) of territorial area with a fairly high population growth rate as a sixth most populous country in the world with estimated population of 207.774 millions[1] according to provisional results of the 6^th Population and Housing Census, 2017.

Pakistan has common border of 595 kilometers with China in the North-East, in the North-West a narrow strip of 16 to 19 kilometers separating it from CARs which remained the part of former USSR although immediately after forcible occupation of Afghanistan in 1979, the USSR annexed the Wakhan area to have direct access and borders with Pakistan for a strategic edge over Pakistan and China as it was the only common border area between China and Afghanistan. In the west there is 2,252 kilometers common border with Afghanistan known as “Durand Line” with its extension towards south with 805 kilometers common border with Islamic Republic of Iran. There is 1,610 kilometers of common border with India with a disputed territory of Kashmir which is still waiting its resolution in the light of United Nations resolutions passed from time to time. The geostrategic location of Pakistan in the biggest continent of Asia has given it a unique position and location in the world geography. Pakistan due to its geographical location has assumed a decisive role to play in keeping balance of power in Asia and particularly between the super powers and China and CPEC is going to become another source of conflict among super powers and in emerging power politics. In this context it is relevant to peruse first the geostrategic location of Pakistan in the Asian continent as depicted in this Asian map:

Asian Map

The geo-strategic and strategic location of Pakistan has increased its importance manifold in the world politics and international relations as the USA and other western nations attached a great deal of importance to Pakistan’s security requirements due to expansionist policies of the former USSR. There is no doubt that Pakistan had always proved a bulwark in expansionist designs of USSR as if the USSR was able to get access to warm waters of the Indian Ocean and oil-fields of Gulf region, it was bound to pose a formidable threat to the USA and other western countries for their oil supplies and smooth flow of international trade and both are lifeline for economies of such countries and USA.

Due to geo-strategic location and importance, the Pakistan also faced threats to its existence and survival in international power politics as the Pakistan suffered from Cold War conflicts of two super powers of the world having direct impact to its geographical integrity and economic survival. Pakistan had become victim of such international intrigues and lost its one part i.e. East Pakistan, due to collusive and collaborative role of then USSR and India, as the then USSR treated Pakistan as a major hurdle in its expansionist designs. It was also the result of ignoring a powerful neighbour while having friendship with far distant nations like the USA, who had failed to rescue and save Pakistan from collaborative aggression of the USSR and India in the presence of close strategic relationship and cooperation as there were no direct stakes involved due to disintegration and cessation of one geographical part of Pakistan. Since then there is a vast gulf of mistrust between Pakistan and the USA which is always haunting confidence-building and closer relations between these two countries although both states are forced to keep disenchanted[2] and disillusioned bilateral relationship between them.

Thus, it is the geo-strategic location of Pakistan which played and playing an important role as a determining factor in the foreign policy of the country because the interested international stakeholders themselves had become tilted towards Pakistan due to their own international and regional interests. Pakistan’s location in proximity of oil and mineral rich CARs with Russian influence, China, Middle East and South-East Asia is an important factor in its foreign policy. In addition to geo-strategic location, Pakistan since its establishment is surviving under a threat perception due to its weak security and economic position and continuously struggling for its geographical security, economic stability and welcoming all partnerships which were helpful to achieve its national security and economic objectives.

In this security perception at the time of its establishment, there were only western and capitalist economies and countries which might have helped Pakistan in its security and economic well-being. However, one important factor remained missing that was policy guidelines or preferences whereupon its international relations might be based as there was persistent shift in positions keeping in view its national and international interest for its security and existence under the constant threats from neighbouring India. By historical analysis it is crystal clear that instead of institutional approach, there was a personal approach in international relations and foreign policy adopted by different Governments and political leaders based on their personal liking or disliking instead of some substantial facts or realities with institutional thinking which should govern international relations because international politics is only based on power led by national interest.

Hans J. Morgenthau[3]while elaborating his Six Principles of Political Realism states that the main signpost that helps political realism to find its way through the landscape of international politics is the concept of interest defined in terms of power. This concept provides the link between reason trying to understand international politics and the facts to be understood. However, in the case of Pakistan, there were no foreign policy priorities or preferences but these were personal whims or choices of leadership due to certain geographical and ideological compulsions which led the Pakistan’s foreign policy and international diplomacy even at the cost of national security and interest.

Foreign policy is always dependent on national power of the state with major dependence on economic factors and sources of economic assistance, if necessary.Thus, internal and external policies of weaker economies are controlled by external compulsions and economic necessities. Nothing is self-determined or self-imposed. In a bi-polar or multi-polar world, the balance of power, mattered a lot as a determining factor in foreign policy process of smaller states and they were bound to change their loyalties to join one alliance or the other keeping in view their economic and political ideologies and needs. There were only two options between the Communist and the Capitalist blocs for Pakistan at the time of its establishment. Non-alignment was nothing but mere a deception and even it was used by few states to procure different benefits from both power blocs and the India was the prime example of such behaviour. Weaker states, first of all, to address the question of their security and survival which was also issue of their existence or extinction. Economic needs of Pakistan at the time of its establishment were so pressing that those had forced then political and bureaucratic leadership to only view foreign policy options through economic perspective for the economic stability and infrastructure development being a nascent state in international geopolitical scenario. Thus, Pakistan being an economically weak and dependent country and in case of such economically weak states even internal and external policies and options are not only limited but also deceptive as the real driving factors are such that which are providing support to their economy.

Since the President Eisenhower’s Domino Theory, the US experts commonly list Pakistan among the most strategically important countries for the US policy-makers.[4]Although Pakistan was a partner in different alliances sponsored by the USA but even then the USA had never cared for its ally and during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, the Pakistan was alone except few Muslim countries and some support by China which was not merely to save the Pakistan but to protect its own interests in the region.

It could not be said that Pakistan was not aware about its interests at national and international level but mere identification of national interests cannot ensure protection of such interests particularly for smaller states like Pakistan which are always formulating their policies on expectation of some economic assistance and political support to their point of view at international level. Kashmir problem, distribution of water resources and other disputes with India forced Pakistan to seek international support which was only possible after joining some power bloc and Pakistan always considered America as the best option suitable to its needs due to bureaucratic and military tendencies having then permanent connections with their counterparts in America and always guiding the political decision-makers to make national policy decisions while towing lines of action dictated from outside who were unable to exactly assess the national and international implications of such decisions.

After the 1971 war and separation of East Pakistan, it was the period to redefine foreign policy options for Pakistan under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as President and thereafter Prime Minister who was known for his ideas regarding cordial relations with China. Cooperation with US remained almost negligible. 1t was the year 1979 when USSR invaded Afghanistan when America had taken advantage of USSR’s strategic mistake and that led mutual strategic cooperation between Pakistan and United States. Geneva Accords[5] was turning point whereafter America again left Pakistan with sanctions which continued till the incident of 9/11 which emanated with a new era of cooperation between these countries to fight against terrorism which is still continuing. However, the morale of the whole historical analysis and foreign policy perspective of Pakistan is that there is no friendships in international relations but interests are supreme which are making the nations as friends or foes in international politics.

In this perspective, Pakistan-United States relations are marred with certainties and uncertainties without any strategic depth and based on misconceptions about friendship in international relations which is non-existent in international relations as all international relations are based on national interest and national security requirements instead of traditional concept of friendship. It is very difficult to exactly assess and evaluate international relations between two states with great strategic imbalance and inequality because in traditional relationships the weaker partners are expecting durable relationship while the stronger partners always calculate relations in a perspective which can further boost their strategic power in international arena of diplomacy. US was always with Pakistan when it needed Pakistan in strengthening its position in international diplomacy and protecting its strategic interests and Pakistan had always presumed that such strategic relationship will turn into a traditional friendship which is non-existent in international affairs and diplomacy. Since 1947 Pakistan was in need of friends who may fulfill its security and economic needs with a traditional concept of friendship. However, both the countries who was treated as friends always taken care of their own strategic and national interests within relevant timeframes instead of long-lasting relations and Pakistan was always ignored as an ally when it was not needed for US strategic relations and purposes.

Understanding the National Security

The expression “national security” is very easy to say but difficult practically secure it. However, it is necessary to have a clear perception of the National Security. There is a plethora of definitions and concepts towards explanation of the National Security of the state. To avoid a lengthy discussion on the concept of the National Security which encompass the ability of a state to preserve its physical and territorial integrity through effective control of its borders, economy and economic relations with other states of the world on reasonable terms, protect its nature, institutions and system of governance from disruption due to outside interferences and interventions.[6] In this perspective there are internal and external threats to the national security of the state.

Pakistan is although facing both types of threats to its national security. However, the most important are external threats and particularly threats to its national integrity and territorial sovereignty which are perceivably emanating from its eastern borders i.e. from India.[7] Therefore, Pakistan’s major foreign policy objectives and options since its establishment remained as territorial security of its international boundaries. This existential threat is not merely a perception as the Pakistan had been dismembered by India with active collaboration of the USSR in 1971. Now there is no option of “again” available to Pakistan.

Causes of Threat Perception and Insecurity to National Security of Pakistan

It was the British design that Pakistan was established merely by drawing lines on the geographical map of sub-continent instead of proportional distribution of economic resources. It is the responsibility of the British Indian government to provided sufficient economic and defence resources to Pakistan for its stability and security at the time of partition. The consent of the British Government to Lord Mountbatten to become Governor-General of the Dominion of India was a great conspiracy hatched by British and Indian National Congress’s leaderships in collusion. Ultimate result was the deprivation of share of economic and defence assets and resources of British India. It was, in fact, an attempt to create an economically vulnerable and fragile state only to collapse sooner or later. However, it was the Islamic Ideology which made the Pakistan to survive otherwise there were no survival indicators favourable to the existence of Pakistan.

Thus, Pakistan was created in substantial haste at a time of great upheaval and joined the comity of national states without the rudiments of an integrated community or civil society, without required sinews of a performing government and indeed without the basic territorial design with economic resources for its stability.[8]Since then it is rightly identified by different experts of economics and international relations that South Asian states generally exhibit weaknesses in terms of their ability to deal with security, including economic and human dimensions.[9]

Pakistan faced threats of economic stability and to its national security due to perception that India had not accepted the establishment of Pakistan since its inception.

Foreign Policy Determinants of Pakistan :Why Pakistan Needs Partners and Allies?

Pakistan faced threats of economic stability and to its national security due to perception that India had not accepted the establishment of Pakistan since its inception. The following were the basic factors and determinants of foreign policy of Pakistan at the time of its establishment:

• Economic factors;
• Defence problems and organization of armed forces;
• Administrative problems; and
• National security problems.

Even there is no economic structure at the time of establishment of Pakistan without any currency and banking system. However, this system was not directly related to foreign policy of Pakistan except some available economic resources for economic stability and development. Pakistan’s agreed share of the cash balances was Rs. 750 million wherefrom Rs. 200 million had already been paid and an amount of Rs. 550 million was to be paid which were never paid on different pretexts like its spending in Kashmir war.[10]

Concept of national defence and security is a farce without organized and well-equipped armed forces for internal order and external security. Pakistan was having its share in military hardware and assets but beginning of war in Kashmir was used as an excuse by India to deny all such share of military hardware and assets.

Pakistan’s administrative problems continued for a long time as there was no constitutional system of governance and political compromises and corruption remained the hallmark of the political and administrative system resulting a weakness of governance and state.

National security problems were of serious concern as there were serious threats from Indian side. Although Afghanistan was never a friendly country but it could not pose serious threats to national security of Pakistan due to religious and cultural factors of the people on both sides of borders. However, Pakistan’s foreign policy always remained India centric but the USA had to do nothing with this threat perception. It was the firstly, the Truman Doctrine which realized the US policy-makers about importance of geostrategic location of Pakistan in the South Asian Region. Later on, President’s Eisenhower’s Domino Theory regarding containment of the communism paved the way for closer relations and defence cooperation between Pakistan and the USA and its allies like NATO.[11] In February 1951, the US policy-makers recognized the strategic interests of the free world in South Asia by stating that the most effective military defence of South Asia would require strong flanks in Turkey, Iran and Pakistan considering an early build-up of Pakistani forces “of primary importance”.[12] Ultimately, the Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement, 1954, was signed between the United States and Pakistan on May 19, 1954, as harbinger of alliance relationship between the both.[13] Pakistan, disillusioned, frustrated and disenchanted with the US relationship, is still surviving with the relationship although there are also misperceptions and sense of being cheated on the part of the USA also. In this way, the US-Pakistan relations are an example of asymmetrical diplomacy as they reflect troublesome interests and objectives of both countries in a strange balance and equation.[14]Pakistan-US relations are also based on hegemonic designs from the US side whereas these are based on a quest of survival as the US intentions are to expand its influence in the world and Pakistan simply means the maximum assurance to its national security.[15]

Pakistan’s Strategic Policy Options for National Security

Although Pakistan’s perception about its national security was crystal clear since its establishment. However, after its dismemberment in the year 1971, a ruthless policy for national defence and security has been pursued by enhancement of national power. Now, there are two the most important strategic policy options:

• National Security of Pakistan; and
• Economic Stability of the country.

Elements of national power are of two categories i.e. relatively stable and which are constantly subject to change. Geography is the most stable factor upon which the power of a nation depends. In relatively stable factors are natural resources i.e. food, raw materials, industrial capacity, military preparedness which includes technology, leadership, quantity and quality of the armed forces. Population is a non-material factor which have different characteristics and qualities which directly influence the national power. Finally, the quality of diplomacy and governance control all the factors.

• National Security of Pakistan

The National Security of Pakistan remained the paramount consideration of the Government of Pakistan due to its threat perception and different emerging factors directly affecting the national security.

• Economic Stability of the country.

Similarly, economic stability also remained the prime concern of the Government of Pakistan always. As at the time of its establishment Pakistan was deprived of its share of cash balances and due to this reasons there was the creation of mistrust and national security concerns between Pakistan and India which could never be bridged. Now both the states are at the brink of nuclear showdown which may even become a threat to international security. Indian threats and role forced Pakistan to divert its scarce economic resources to defence needs for an effort to create a parity which is practically impossible. Thus, both the states are depriving their people from preciously needed economic resources from their human and infrastructure development. A race for balance of power is stumbling the economies of Pakistan and India as well as creating problems of national security.

To address the emanating threats to national security of Pakistan, the governments of Pakistan always remained in search of partners and allies who can provide economic, technological and security cooperation to ensure economic and national security of Pakistan.

Pakistan’s Tilt towards America

Immediate after its establishment, Pakistan was in need of economic assistance to keep running the rudimentary structure of public administration as well as to meet its defence needs particularly in threat perception of India. Certainly, all factors necessary for external cooperation were available there in the anarchic international environment as the very existence of state was at stake instead of survival of general public or state institutions being the prime factors for possibility of any cooperation.[16] British government was either not in a position to provided economic assistance to Pakistan or not willing to provide economic assistance at the cost of annoyance to the Dominion of India. Thus, Pakistan had either to face economic hardships or strive for alternative means.

Only the USSR and the USA were the possible options for economic and military cooperation and assistance as all the European nations were under the impact of destruction during the World War II. Thus, Jinnah considered it appropriate to request the US government for economic and military assistance in the circumstances. The only option left with Pakistan. Political and military leadership of Pakistan was also having ideological and intellectual tendency towards western world. In such circumstances, Pakistan conveyed through a Memorandum its requirement of a loan about two billion dollars spreading over a period of about five years.[17]

The USSR had not even exchanged congratulatory message to Jinnah on the establishment of Pakistan as well as his becoming the Governor-General of Pakistan. Formal interaction between Pakistan and the USSR began on April 13, 1948, when Zafarulla Khan, Foreign Minister of Pakistan, met to Andrei Gromyko, Deputy Foreign Minister of the USSR in New York and proposed for exchange of Ambassadors.[18] However, formally Pakistan’s ambassador to the USSR presented his credentials in Moscow on the December 31, 1949, whereas the USSR counterpart reached in Pakistan on March 22, 1950. This was the level of enthusiasm between the USSR and Pakistan. Although the USSR had shown good gestures towards India but still suspicious of India due its membership of the British Commonwealth clearly proving itsleaning towards the western world. Prime Minister Nehru also accepted an invitation on May 7, 1949, in Bombay to visit the USA in October and he visited the USA on October 11, 1949. The US invitation to Indian Prime Minister was enough to conclude Indian proclivity towards the West. In such circumstances, the Soviet Government extended an invitation to Liaquat Ali Khan and his wife to visit Moscow which was never materialized. In case of the USA, Representative Emanuel Celler of New York called Pakistan “a mistake, yet, a rank appeasement of Jinnah”[19] at the time of announcement of the Partition Plan of June 3, 1947. But President Truman sent a warm message on Pakistan’s independence day on August 14, 1947, saying, “I wish to assure you that the new Dominion embarks on its course with the firm friendship and goodwill of the United States of America.”[20].

However, the USA had also invited Pakistan’s Prime Minister for a visit to the USA and same was from the May 3-24, 1950. Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan stressed a need for economic and technological cooperation but no such cooperation was committed or arrived during his lifetime.[21]This proved nothing in Pakistan’s interest but a longtime enmity of the USSR in the coming years. Moscow Literary Gazette commented as “Liaquat Ali Khan had been ‘transformed into the Pakistani variety of Chiang Kai-shek or Syngman Rhee’[22] in addition to considering it as a preference towards the USA.

Precise analysis of evolution of Pakistan-US relations reveals that Pakistan used the US to establish a beneficial aid commitment for needed military and economic needs.[23]

Why America Needs Pakistan?

Truman Doctrine was the basis of the USA’s role after the end of World War II. It emphasized that totalitarian regimes would undermine the foundations of international peace which would be a direct threat to the national security of the USA world over.[24] It was the beginning of the US economic and military assistance to Greece and Turkey. It was the formal declaration of the Cold War.

After the assumption of leadership role for capitalist world and super power, the US has vital strategic and national security interests throughout the world. Asia is one of the most important focal areas of the US strategic interests. At the time of partition of British India there was a enthusiastic response from the USA towards India. In South Asia, the India was the first priority of the USA. However, the India opted for non-alignment. Thus, the USA have to chose a strategic ally to contain the USSR and expansion of communism as the Cold War had already begun.

There was no ideological equation between Pakistan and the USA but there is convergence of national interests due to its geostrategic location in the South Asian Region. A stable, democratic and prosperous Pakistan actively combating religious militancy is considered vital to the US interests.[25] Vital US interests related to links between Pakistan and indigenous American terrorism, Islamist militancy in Pakistan and Islamabad’s policies toward the Afghan insurgency, Pakistan’s relations with historic rival India, nuclear weapons proliferation and security and the troubled status of Pakistan’s domestic setting.[26] The US policy in Pakistan began within its framework of global, strategic and security goals. Americaninterests in Pakistan were based on its calculations aimed at the exploitation of Pakistan’s geostrategic location on the map of the world.[27] The cooperation is always reciprocal.[28] The Pakistan was already in need of economic assistance and military equipment to bolster its national security and the USA was also in need of some ally which may be used as a conduit.

In the past, Pakistan remained a useful ally and even the most allied ally of the USA during the Cold War era till the collapse of the USSR which was the end of the Cold War. However, divergent priorities and conflicting aims created problems. Pakistan is a strategically important country and after the US War on Terror is more needed. Pakistan’s support and assistance is necessary of the USA for the following purposes:

• for continuity and success of War on Terror;
• for continuous use of Pakistan’s armed forces and other security resources for elimination of Al Qaeda, terrorists and other militant groups, etc., by using its territory, airspace and logistics support services including transit rights;
• the US cannot won war in Afghanistan without help of Pakistan;
• to deal with different factions of the Afghan Taliban and other warriors, etc., on both sides of the border; and
• a stable and secure Pakistan is in the US interest.[29]

Cost of the US Relationship

In the light of above said facts and circumstances, there is no doubt that Pakistan borne a heavy cost for having relations with the USA but at the same time in the comity of nations Pakistan has no other alternatives. Pakistan always utilized it best negotiating and diplomacy potential while dealing with the USA and was able to secure the maximum economic, technological and military benefits. There is no unilateral benefits and costs either to Pakistan or the USA as both had to share their due to being deadly embraced. Rebuilding the trust is the most important option when there is a long history of lack or breach of trust towards the USA. Policy dilemma and asymmetry of objectives should be addressed unless Pakistan began exploring other options for alliances and economic partnership which will a major setback to the US policy in South Asian Region.[30]

Since born with meager economy, economic doses were necessary for economic growth and full statehood of Pakistan as economically weak states are pariahs in international community of nations and states.

Similarly, national security remained the most important aspect of Pakistan as it is the only modern state in the world which had been vivisected by active Indian intervention and the USSR collaboration due to its alliance with the USA. However, with all asymmetries of interests and objectives with the USA, Pakistan is able to secure its economic stability and national defence being a nuclear state at par with India, China and Russia in the South Asian Region and the Asia.[31]

Implications for the National Security of Pakistan

Pakistan after its closer alliance with the USA is facing serious problems of confidence and trust internally as there is difference of perception and reality between the people of Pakistan and the government. The government is always supportive of the US policies whereas the people of Pakistan are not only critical of those policies but always demonstrating for termination and halting of such policies.

Democracy is the voice and choice of the people in its popular perspective i.e. voxpopulivoxdei (The voice of the people is the voice of God). However, in the case of Pakistan it is always different as far as Pakistan-US relations are concerned. Thus, cost of the promotion of good bilateral relations always has a cost for the governments although the foreign policy has its own means to an end. There is no doubt that it was the public opinion which coerced the US administration after the incidents of 9/11 for drastic steps within country and the world over.[32] However, in the US policy and decision-makers have their own voice and not willing to voice of anybody else in the free world while devising and executing the policies although the Asians, Africans, Indians and Pakistanis are willing to be the US partners in international affairs but they want the USA to recognize that they have a claim as valid as the USA’s own to a position of dignity among the people of the world.[33]

Conclusion

Pakistan-US are important allies in international politics with no option except to continue their unequal relationship in asymmetrical manner with conflicting objectives as there is no methodology devised so far in this world of logic and reality which can serve the interest of all or at least two partners in a relationship. Pakistan-US relations are marred with trust deficit and misperceptions but none of them can deny the continuation or existence of these bilateral relations in the world of realism. There are always theoretical policies and strategic options regarding conduct of international relations between two states but not practical methodology with equal benefits existed.

During the execution of bilateral relations between them Pakistan-US extensively relied on different strategies and policy options but always there was a mistrust and disenchantment due to their partial efficacy. Therefore, there was always need for exploration of further options for improvement in bilateral relations as there is no alternative for bilateral relations in this global world.

However, the Pakistan, being the weaker and unequal state, experienced serious implications for its national security although no bilateral relations teach about complete reliance and dependence on allies or partners in international relations. Therefore, Pakistan faced more threats to its economic stability and national security when the USA abruptly withdrawn or terminated its sources of assistance and cooperation towards Pakistan. But at the same time there was no impact on the US economy and national security paradigm due to absence of role of Pakistan.

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Author

Dr. G. Chaudhry, Policy, Governance and National Security Analyst, Parliamentary Council and Legislative Draftsman. He is based in Islamabad and heading a Research and Consultancy Firm namely Chaudhry and Chaudhry Associates, Islamabad.He is the author of more than two dozen Books in the field of Law, Legislative Drafting and Process in Pakistan, Intellectual Property Rights, Military Laws and Constitution of Pakistan in addition to a collection ofessays on Law, Justice, Human Rights and Legal System. He also worked as Legislative Adviser/Draftsman in the Ministry of Law, Justice and Human Rights and participated in drafting of hundreds of laws.His books titled “Practical Approach to Legislative Drafting” and “Legislative Process in Pakistan”are liketext-books in the field of legislative drafting and law-making process and working of Parliament in Pakistan. “Essays on Law, Justice, Human Rights and Legal System” is a collection of essays on different topics as apparent from the title.Presently, he is heading a firm which is providing consultancy services and dealing with matters relating to Law, Governance, Management, Legislative and Parliamentary Drafting and Counselship in addition to delivering lectures as a Visiting Faculty Member in different Colleges and Universities.

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[1]Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Statistics, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, retrieved at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017-Census_of_Pakistan, on December 3, 2017.

[2]Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies (Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), p. 365.

[3] Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred.A.Knopf, 1968), pp. 4-14.

[4]Deandre K. Whitley and Kieth E. Noel, eds., Pakistan U.S. Relations and Foreign Assistance (New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2012), p. 58. Susan B. Epstein and K. Alan Kronsadt, “Pakistan: U.S. Foreign Assistance, ”, pp. 57-103. Article based on CRS Report for Congress R41856, prepared for Members and Committees of Congress and retrieved from www.crs.gov, on November 4, 2011.

[5]Sattar, Abdul, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy – 194-2012 : A Concise History, 2006 edition, 3^rd edition 2013, Oxford University Press, Karachi, Pakistan, page 178.

[6]Harold Brown, Thinking About National Security: Defense and Foreign Policy in a Dangerous World (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press Inc., 1983), p. 4.

[7]C. Christine Fair and Keith Crane, etc., Pakistan : Can the United States Secure and Insecure State? (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2010), pp.108-112.

[8]T.V. Paul, ed., South Asia’s Weak States: Understanding the Regional Insecurity Predicament (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 172. Lawrence Ziring, “Weak State, Failed State, Garrison State: The Pakistan Saga,”, pp. 170-193.

[9]T.V. Paul, ed., South Asia’s Weak States: Understanding the Regional Insecurity Predicament (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 10.

[10]Chaudhri Muhammad Ali, The Emergence of Pakistan (Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1987), p. 183.

[11]Leo E. Rose and Noor A. Husain, eds., United States-Pakistan Forum: Relations with the Major Powers (Lahore: Vanguard Books (Pvt.) Ltd., 1987), p. 1. Noor A. Husain, “Pakistan-U.S. Security Relations: Arms Sales, Bases, and Nuclear Issues,”, pp. 1-14.

[12]Leo E. Rose and Noor A. Husain, eds., United States-Pakistan Forum: Relations with the Major Powers, p. 3. Noor A. Husain, “Pakistan-U.S. Security Relations: Arms Sales, Bases, and Nuclear Issues,”, pp. 1-14.

[13] Abdul Sattar, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy 1947-2012: A Concise History (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 51.

[14]Howard B. Schaffer and Teresita C. Schaffer, How Pakistan Negotiates with the United States: Riding the Roller Coaster (Lahore: Vanguard Books, 2011), pp. 163-182.

[15]Noam Chomsky, Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance (Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2007), pp. 11-49.

[16]Michael Taylor, The Possibility of Cooperation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 125-179.

[17] K. Arif, America-Pakistan Relations : Documents (Lahore: Vanguard Books Ltd., 1984), p. 5. Memorandum of the Government of Pakistan to US State Department on its requirements of financial and military assistance, October, 1947.

[18]S.M. Burke, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 98.

[19]Congressional Record (Vol. 93, Part 5, Page 6341), 8^th Congress, 1^st Session, 4 June 1947, House.

[20] K. Arif, America-Pakistan Relations : Documents, p. 3. President Truman’s Telegram to Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Governor-General of Pakistan.

[21]Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan: The Heart of Asia (Karachi: Paramount Publishing Enterprise, 2011), pp. 15-22.

[22]Hindu, New Delhi, India, July 28, 1950.

[23]Rajvir Singh, U.S.-Pakistan and India Strategic Relations (Allahabad: Chugh Publications, 1985), p. 41.

[24]John Spanier, American Foreign Policy Since World War II (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1988), p. 40. President Harry Truman’s address to a Joint Session of Congress on March 12, 1947.

[25]Deandre K. Whitley and Kieth E. Noel, eds., Pakistan U.S. Relations and Foreign Assistance (New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2012), p. 2. K. Alan Kronsadt, “Pakistan: A Summary,”, pp. 1-46. Article based on CRS Report for Congress R41832, prepared for Members and Committees of Congress and retrieved from www.crs.gov, on October 21, 2011.

[26]Deandre K. Whitley and Kieth E. Noel, eds., Pakistan U.S. Relations and Foreign Assistance, p. 1.

[27]Rajvir Singh, U.S.-Pakistan and India Strategic Relations (Allahabad: Chugh Publications, 1985), p. 212.

[28]Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1984), p. 173.

[29]C. Christine Fair and Keith Crane, etc., Pakistan: Can the United States Secure an Insecure State? (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2010), pp. 139-144.

[30]Bruce Riedel, Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad (Washintgon, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), pp. 119-144.

[31]Leo E. Rose and Noor A. Husain, eds., United States-Pakistan Forum: Relations with the Major Powers, pp. 3-4. Noor A. Husain, “Pakistan-U.S. Security Relations: Arms Sales, Bases, and Nuclear Issues,”, pp. 1-14.

[32]Zaira Irfan Cheema, Public Opinion and Foreign Policy (US-Pak Relations): The Fallacy of American Mistake (Lahore: MHA Publications, 2015), pp. 3-4.

[33]W. Norman Brown, The United States and India and Pakistan (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1967), p. 390.